On this date, March 26, in 1910, President William Howard Taft appoints Republican William Lewis as the first* African-American US Assistant Attorney General in US history.

Lewis was a pioneer in athletics, law, and politics.

Lewis was one of the first* African-American college football players, and the first* in the sport to be selected as an All-American. Before being appointed as an Assistant Attorney General, Lewis served for 12 years as a football coach at Harvard University. During that period, he wrote one of the first books on football tactics and was considered a nationally known expert on the game.

In 1903, Republican President Theodore Roosevelt had appointed Lewis to be the first* African-American Assistant United States Attorney. His 1910 appointment by Taft made him one of the five United States Assistant Attorneys General, despite opposition by a strong Democratic Party bloc. In, 1911 he was the among the first* African-Americans to be admitted to the American Bar Association.

WILLIAM HENRY LEWIS

was born November 28, 1868 in Berkley, Virginia, the son of former slaves. His father moved the family to Portsmouth, Virginia and became a respected minister.

At age 15, Lewis enrolled in the state's all-black college, the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute (now Virginia State University**). With the help of Virginia Normal's president, Republican leader John Mercer Langston, Lewis transferred to Amherst College, where he worked as a waiter to earn his college expenses. He also played football for Amherst for three seasons. In December 1890, the Amherst team voted "almost unanimously" to elect Lewis as the team captain for his senior year, 1891. He was also the class orator and the winner of prizes for oratory and debating.

W. E. B. Du Bois went to the Amherst commencement ceremony to see Lewis and another African-American student, George W. Forbes, receive their diplomas.

ALL AMERICA CENTER at HARVARD

After graduating from Amherst, Lewis enrolled at Harvard Law School. He played two years for the Harvard Football team at the center position. An article published by the College Football Hall of Fame noted that, while Lewis "was relatively light for the position (175 pounds) he played with intelligence, quickness and maturity." He was named as the center on the College Football All-America Team in both years at Harvard. He was the first African American to be honored as an All-American.

On one occasion when Lewis and the Harvard team entered a dining hall, the Princeton University football team (favored by many Democrat leaders including its president, Woodrow Wilson) rose as a group and exited in objection to the Negro player. In November 1893, Harvard's team captain was unable to play in the last game of the season due to an injury. The game was Lewis' last college football game, and the team voted him as the acting captain for the game, making him Harvard's first* African-American team captain.

In announcing the All-America selections for Harper's Weekly, Caspar Whitney wrote that "Lewis has proved himself to be not only the best center in football this year, but the best all-round center that has ever put on a football jacket." In 1900, Walter Camp named Lewis to his All-Time All America Team, noting that Lewis's quickness had revolutionized center play, placing the emphasis on "mobility rather than fixed stability."

FOOTBALL COACH at HARVARD

Following law school, Lewis was hired as a football coach at Harvard, where he served from 1895 to 1906. During his coaching tenure, the team had a combined record of 114–15–5. The Boston Journal wrote that Lewis was owed "much of the credit for the great defensive strength Harvard elevens have always shown."

AUTHOR and RENOWNED EXPERT on FOOTBALL

Lewis developed a reputation as one of the most knowledgeable experts on the game. In 1896, Lewis wrote one of the first books on American football, "A Primer of College Football," published by Harper & Brothers, and serialized by Harper's Weekly. Upon the book's release, one reviewer noted:

"A new feature, hitherto inadequately treated by previous authors, is the exhaustive treatment of fundamentals or the rudiments of the game, such as passing, catching, dropping upon the ball, kicking, blocking, making holes, breaking through and tackling. There is also a treatise on 'avoiding injuries' ... There are scientific expositions of team play, offensive and defensive, and a supplementary chapter on training which will be useful."

In a 1904 article, The Philadelphia Inquirer placed Lewis on par with the legendary Walter Camp in his knowledge of the game, writing, "The one man whom Harvard has to match Mr. Camp in football experience and general knowledge is William H. Lewis the famous Harvard center of the early nineties and the man who is the recognized authority on defense in football the country over."

In 1905, critics of football sought to ban it from college campuses, or to alter its rules to control its violent nature. Lewis published an editorial in which he wrote,

"There is nothing the matter with football. ... The game itself is one of the finest sports ever devised for the pastime of youth, and the pleasure of the public."

While opposing unnecessary roughness, Lewis argued against proposed changes, noting that he did not want to watch:

"a game of ping-pong or marbles upon the football field."

Lewis asserted that football should remain:

"a strenuous competition, a scientific game played according to the rules of the game with vigor and force, sincerity and earnestness."

Lewis later recalled,

"There is no game like football. ... If it hadn't been for football there is no telling what I would be today. ... It gives you a general hardening and training which stands a man in good use in later life."

POLITICIAN and LAWYER

Lewis entered politics by successfully running for election to the Cambridge Common Council where he served from 1899-1902. He also was elected to the Massachusetts Legislature in 1901 for a single term, the last African-American elected to that body for decades.

As a result of his Harvard football career, Lewis became a friend of President Theodore Roosevelt, a Harvard alumnus, and was a guest of Roosevelt's at his estate at Oyster Bay, New York in 1900.

In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Lewis as an Assistant U.S. Attorney, the first* African American to hold such a position. It was such big news that it was reported in newspapers across the country.

Some wrote that the appointment was an effort by Roosevelt to show that "his championing of the negro is not political and is not limited to the southern states." The The New York Times, in a display of the same kind of racism it engages in regularly today, downplayed Lewis' race, noting, "Lewis is said to be so light in color that only his intimate friends know him to be a negro."

Some wrote that Roosevelt appointed Lewis in order to keep him in Boston, where he could continue coaching the Harvard football team. The author noted that Lewis "owes his appointment to the fact that he is an uncommonly good football coach and that President Roosevelt is a Harvard man." Cornell has made several attempts to hire Lewis as its football coach. According to the story, Harvard men were "unwilling to lose Lewis's services in the football season, and they undertook to make his residence here so profitable that he would remain."

FIRST* BLACK ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL

In October 1910, President William Howard Taft announced he would appoint Lewis as a United States Assistant Attorney General, sparking a national debate. A North Carolina newspaper wrote that the "Lucky Colored Man" would hold the "Highest* Public Office Ever Held by One of His Race." The appointment was reported to be "the highest* office in an executive branch of the government ever held by a member of that race." The Boston Journal wrote that Lewis had received "the highest* honor of the kind ever paid to a negro," such that he then ranked in "a position of credit and influence second only to that occupied by Booker T. Washington.”

The Washington Evening Star concluded that the appointment of Lewis to "a higher governmental position than any heretofore given to a colored man" would result in a confirmation battle with Democrats. An Illinois paper mistakenly reported in December 1910 that opposition to Lewis was so strong that Taft had decided not to place his appointment before the Senate. But Taft did not withdraw the nomination, and a Georgia newspaper predicted a "Hard Fight Is Coming" on the nomination:

"Many Democrat members are firmly resolved that Lewis shall never be elevated to the high post of one of the five assistant attorneys general. The position carries with it a handsome salary, high social position and an entrée to White House functions. Whether or not Lewis would ever avail himself of these privileges, a number of Democrats feel that they do not want to be a party to elevating him to an eminence where such recognition would be his as a matter of official right."

After a two-month fight against him waged by the Democratic bloc (Democrat-controlled states had disfranchised most blacks at the turn of the century), the Senate confirmed Lewis as an Assistant Attorney General in June 1911. After being sworn into office, Lewis went to the White House, where he personally thanked President Taft for the high honor. Lewis was a frequent caller at the White House and regularly attended White House functions during the Taft administration.

OUSTER from the AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION

In 1911, Lewis was among the first* African Americans to be admitted to the American Bar Association (ABA). But Lewis almost immediately faced a campaign for his ouster from the ABA. Though there was no racial restriction in the organization's charter, some Democratic members threatened to resign if Lewis stayed. When Lewis' name had been submitted with others by the Massachusetts Bar Association, his race had not been disclosed. The Democrat delegates said they did not know he was a negro until he entered the convention hall. Lewis refused to resign.

When the ABA's executive committee voted to oust Lewis in early 1912, U.S. Attorney General George W. Wickersham sent a "spirited letter" to each of the 4,700 members of the ABA condemning the decision. While northern newspapers congratulated Lewis and Wickersham for their stance, a North Carolina Democrat newspaper criticized Lewis for his lack of "good manners" in refusing to resign:

"The insistence of William H. Lewis of Boston, now an Assistant Attorney General, that he retain his membership in the American Bar Association notwithstanding objections is due condemnation upon other grounds than those of race. He would probably not have been elected if it had been known by the majority of delegate who he was. Having thus slipped into an organization, he should offer his resignation pending a real decision of the matter. This is simply what any one elected to any manner of organization through any sort of ignorance or misapprehension is required by good manners to do."

PRIVATE LAW PRACTICE

Lewis's tenure as Assistant Attorney General ended with Taft's presidency in 1913, as these are political appointee positions tied to particular administrations. Taft's Democrat successor, Woodrow Wilson, fired all black officeholders and instituted segregation in the federal government.

Taft recommended Lewis for appointment as a Massachusetts Superior Court judge, but the state's Democrat Governor, Eugene Foss, declined to make the appointment. Lewis returned to Massachusetts and entered the private practice of law.

He developed a reputation as an outstanding trial lawyer and appeared before the Supreme Court of the United States on more than a dozen occasions.He remained active in Republican politics while practicing law. Among his cases, he represented persons accused of bootlegging and corruption, in addition to those challenging racial discrimination. In 1941 he represented Massachusetts Governor's Councilor Daniel H. Coakley during his impeachment trial.

CIVIL RIGHTS LEADER and SPEAKER

Throughout his career, Lewis was outspoken on issues of race and discrimination. After a white barber in Cambridge, Massachusetts refused to shave Lewis, he filed a suit seeking $5,000 in damages and successfully lobbied for the passage of a Massachusetts law prohibiting racial discrimination in places of public accommodation.

In 1902, Lewis delivered an address on race relations to a gathering of Amherst College alumni. Lewis called race the "transcendent problem" facing the country, referring to the recent Spanish–American War, the disfranchisement of blacks in the South by new Democrat-written state constitutions, and the imposition of Jim Crow, which deprived blacks of civil rights, in his remarks:

"Yesterday the United States waged a war for humanity when tyranny and oppression had grown intolerable. … Only a few hundreds of miles south of us are 10,000,000 people who are deprived of their rights, who are practically in a state of serfdom. Thousands of them have been lynched and shot for attempting to exercise the God given rights of every human being. The great Democratic party rolls on its honeyed tongue the sweet morsels of 'consent of the governed' and 'equality of man.'"

He delivered the commencement address to the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute Class of 1910 in Alabama, urging them, despite adversity, to maintain their love for the South:

"Love your native Southland. Nine tenths of our people were born here. All our past is here. All our future is here. Here most of us will live and here pass to the great majority and be gathered to the ashes of our fathers. The most glorious history of our race is here in the Southland, the most glorious history of the negro race anywhere in the world is here. If we have suffered here, we have also achieved greatly here. Rejoice in everything Southern.”

While serving as Assistant Attorney General, Lewis learned that a young African-American graduate of Harvard had been refused employment at a prominent Boston trust company on account of race. In a speech to Bostonbusiness leaders, Lewis said:

"In Boston the outlook for the negro is far worse than it has been since the Civil War. I think the blood of three signers of the Declaration of Independence and of the Abolitionists has run out." He noted that, if he owned the majority of stock in a certain trust company, he would force the company to hire "the blackest man in Boston."

Lewis' speech reportedly drew "volumes of cheers" from the businessmen and "also from the colored waiters who cheered frequently."

Lewis was one of three persons invited to deliver an address at Boston's Symphony Hall memorial to abolitionist Julia Ward Howe following her death in 1910.

In 1919, Lewis was one of the signatories to a call published in the New York Herald for a National Conference on Lynching, intended to take concerted action against the widespread practice of lynching and lawlessness in primarily Southern states. Lynching had reached what is now seen as a peak in the South around the turn of the century, the period when those states imposed white supremacy. In the summer of 1919, after Lewis' speech, the economic and social tensions of the postwar years erupted in numerous white racial attacks against blacks in northern and Midwestern cities where blacks had migrated by the thousands and were competing with recent European immigrants; it was called Red Summer. The Democratic Party blocked every attempt to pass a national law outlawing lynching.

DEATH

Lewis died in Boston of heart failure on January 1, 1949. He was interred at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

HONORS

? In 1980, Lewis was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame.
? In 2009, he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame.
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* Republicans are responsible for more than 90% of "firsts" regarding the appointments, elections, and the recognition of the heritage and contributions of minorities and women, as well as in the area of conservation and preservation of American heritage.
** Virginia State is an HBCU (Historically Black College or University) founded by Republicans (as nearly all were).